ATHENS, Georgia – Using horticultural oil sprays as an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy to control San Jose scale in peach trees can be an effective alternative to chemical applications, and University of Georgia researchers have found that the best control comes after trees have been pruned, allowing for lower application rates than previously recommended.
An example of a post-pruned peach tree with water sensitive cards to evaluate horticultural oil coverage. Photo credit: Brett Blaauw, University of Georgia
Through a Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SSARE) On-Farm Research Grant, entomologist Brett Blaauw applied a 1.5 percent horticultural oil solution at three different volumes: 100 gallons per acre, 200 gallons per acre and 400 gallons per acre to peach trees both at pre-pruning and post-pruning stages to determine how well the oil covered the trees to manage San Jose scale. San Jose scale is an important sucking pest which damages fruit and can eventually kill a tree by injecting toxins into the plant.
“The recommendations for San Jose scale management in Southeastern peach production is applying 200 gallons per acre of 1.5 percent horticultural oil solution at delayed-dormant,” said Blaauw. Horticultural oil is also referred to as dormant oil due to the timing of the application. The oil suffocates insect eggs or overwintering adult insects. The better the coverage, the more effective the product.
“The purpose of the study was to determine the best application and timing rates to help growers not only better manage San Jose scale, but also to save time and money in terms of application,” said Blaauw.
An example of black electrical tape wrapped with double-sided tape to monitor for scale "crawlers." The small yellow dots on the tape are the crawlers. Photo credit: Brett Blaauw, University of Georgia
In the study (OS17-102), “Scale Management to Promote Sustainable Southeastern Peach Production,” researchers collaborated with two commercial Georgia growers to evaluate the amount of coverage of horticultural oil between pre-pruned trees and post-pruned trees, and monitored the abundance and activity of San Jose scale on a weekly basis until harvest.
They found that, overall, applying horticultural oil at 100 gallons per acre to post-pruned trees (which is done to elicit fruit production), significantly reduced the number of San Jose scale pests compared to the application to pre-pruned trees.
“The application of 100 gallons per acre of 1.5 percent horticultural oil to pre-pruned trees had the lowest percent coverage, which in turn, also had the highest abundance of San Jose scale,” said Blaauw.
When applying 100 gallons per acre of horticultural oil on post-pruned trees, the coverage increased 25 percent. When the spray volume doubled to 200 gallons per acre, the coverage increased by nearly 30 percent over the pre-pruned applications. There were no significant differences in application at 400 gallons per acre.
The important takeaway from the study, said Blaauw, was that 100 gallons per acre of horticultural oil applied to post-pruned trees appears to be sufficient in providing ample coverage to manage San Jose scale.
“We determined that if growers are able to apply their delayed-dormant oil spray after they have pruned their trees, 100 gallons per acre may result in sufficient coverage to be effective at suppressing San Jose scale,” he said. “On the other hand, if the oil sprays are applied prior to pruning, volumes nearing 200 gallons per acre are needed to sufficiently cover the trees and effectively manage San Jose scale. Applying volumes upward of 400 gallons per acre does not seem to significantly improve management of San Jose scale and is, thus, not recommended in the Southeast.”
In addition, the researchers found that the application of the horticultural oil did not impact natural enemy populations. Researchers collected parasitoids, which made up the bulk of the beneficial predators identified, in addition to minute pirate bugs, long-legged flies, spiders and lady beetles.
Published by the Southern Region of the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. Funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Southern SARE operates under cooperative agreements with the University of Georgia, Fort Valley State University, and the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture to offer competitive grants to advance sustainable agriculture in America's Southern region. This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, through Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.