Introduction
Insect pests are one of the major problems in organic production systems. Crop damage from insect pests can occur via direct feeding or egg-laying, contamination with feces, or disease transmission; loss in yield or marketability of vegetables in the absence of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can be nearly 100 percent. Organic IPM practice consists of a three-tiered approach consisting of systems-based practices, mechanical tactics, and biorational insecticides. Mechanical tactics encourage the use of physical barriers for pest exclusion. Some popular pest exclusion tactics include the use of floating row covers for protection against flying insects, bagging fruits, and installing metallic collars around transplants to protect them from cutworms and armyworms. In all these cases, a barrier is created between the insect pest and the host plant for short-term protection.
This bulletin provides preliminary research data and field observations about the success of shade cloths as a more permanent barrier system around the high tunnels; this is a high tunnel pest exclusion (HTPE) system that has been developed by Alabama Cooperative Extension at Auburn University, and is an immediately useful technology for small producers in the Southeast. Such modified high tunnels may resemble ‘net houses’ which are sealed structures designed to exclude insect pests.
Net Houses
Net houses are popular in many European, Asian, and African countries where there is a lack of effective pesticides for insect pest control or high demand for organic crops with little or no use of biorational pesticides. For example, in Africa, net houses made of 25-mesh mosquito nets were effective in reducing diamondback moths, cutworms, and loopers by 66-97 percent. Chinese researchers have shown 90 percent reduction in the incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus due to significant reduction in whiteflies using a 50-mesh insect net house. In Alabama, a large 50-mesh net house was effective in nearly eliminating hornworms, tomato fruitworms, loopers, armyworms, stink bugs, and leaffooted bugs from tomatoes and bell peppers (read full article in the Journal of NACAA, https://goo.gl/uItIyS). However, use of fine insect netting for a permanent system is an expensive proposition and many farmers may be reluctant to adopt such a system due to possible side-effects (e.g., exclusion of all beneficial insects).
The authors of this bulletin have been testing various low-cost pest exclusion systems suitable for high pest pressure areas, which lead to the integration of readily available crop production technologies like high tunnels (popularized nationwide with USDA-NRCS programs) with the use of shade cloths (generally used over the high tunnels) for plant protection. As discussed herein, shade cloths installed on the sidewalls of a high tunnel can provide significant relief to producers from insect pests. Several useful observations from producers using the HTPE system are included to corroborate trends seen in laboratory studies. Auburn University continues to work with other commercial high tunnel producers to evaluate other exclusion materials and refine the IPM recommendations.
Key Aspects of HTPE
There are two basic principles of an effective pest exclusion system for permanent structures:
- Design: The critical step is to decide what pests need to be targeted for exclusion. Design using appropriate material is important to the overall success. Good design can last multiple years with high returns on investment. Incorporating pest exclusion systems with high tunnels is an easy step forward since the design has already been standardized by the industry.
- Material: Choice of a proper material for pest exclusion is critical and there are a variety of choices available today. Ideally, pest exclusion material should be low-cost with adequate longevity. However, these two aspects may not be easily matched. For example, a low-cost material like Super Light Insect Barrier (Gardens Alive, IN) is a translucent polypropylene fabric that is an excellent material for pest exclusion, but it has not been long-lasting in university tests. Heavy 50-mesh insect screens sold commercially by many greenhouse companies can be long-lasting, but expensive and cumbersome for large structures.
Pest exclusion systems can also have some unintended effects that have to be taken into consideration. For example: 1.) Shading of plants affecting plant growth and maturity; 2.) Loss of air movement leading to disease issues; 3.) Loss of natural enemies due to non-selective exclusion. An HTPE system with 30 to 50 percent shade cloth can help deal with the above issues and maximize benefits for producers. High tunnels can be easily modified with shade cloth to serve as a barrier for keeping many large insect pests outside the crop.
The goal of this system is to PREVENT insect pest establishment and reduce the overall pest pressure. The goal is NOT to exclude ALL pests or beneficial insects. In other words, an ideal HTPE system should have a good balance of stopping pest species while allowing beneficial insects to colonize the plants.
HTPE Studies in the Laboratory
Laboratory studies have been conducted on some insect behaviors using 10 inch by 5 inch high tunnel models fitted with 0 (control), 30, 40 or 50 percent woven shade cloths manufactured by Grainger (Lake Forest, IL) or Green-Tek (Janesville, WI).
Insect pests studied with models included cabbage loopers moths, Trichoplusia ni (observational study) and leaffooted bugs, Leptoglossus phyllopus (replicated study). Beneficial insects tested included commercially available convergent lady beetles (Hippodamia convergens) and green lacewing adults (Chrysoperla rufilabris). In all cases, insects were released inside the glass cage and maintained at optimum temperature in the dark for 24-48 hours.
This laboratory study indicated that a 30 to 50 percent shade cloth-based HTPE system can exclude large moths with a wingspan of 1.2 inches or more. Leaffooted bug adults can be stopped using 40 or 50 percent shade cloths, but not with a 30 percent fabric due to large openings. Leaffooted bugs have the habit of exploring their habitat and the adults are very good in exploiting any weakness in the structure. Looper moths are good flyers but did not explore by walking the cloth surface, and remained outside.
Convergent lady beetle adults were very good at exploring the artificial habitat and both 30 and 40 percent shade cloth allowed their movement. A 40 percent shade cloth slowed down entry of lady beetles, but did not completely exclude them. A 50 percent shade cloth completely excluded lady beetles from the high tunnels.
Green lacewings, a popular beneficial insect of choice among organic producers, can be excluded with 40 or 50 percent shade cloth on the side-walls. Adult lacewings, with their large net-like wings, are not able to penetrate those barriers.
Construction of HTPE in the Field
Alabama vegetable producer Will Mastin has developed a unique method to install the 50 percent shade cloth on the sidewalls and endwalls of his high tunnel. He chose 50 percent since he wanted to exclude sucking insect pests and armyworms from his high-value crops like cherry tomatoes, hydroponic lettuce, and small herbs.
Will Mastin now has four tunnels with an HTPE system (including one with SARE Producer Grant funds), and a small germination/hardening room for his transplants with the exclusion system. He uses a staple gun and a small piece of drip tape over the fabric to staple the fabric on wooden support beams and base boards. He uses metal clamps to secure the fabric at the corners and this gives a proper seal. With adequate amount of fabric, he ensures full coverage of the sidewalls and half of the endwalls to improve ventilation. The woven fabric must be extended tightly to extend the pores. He practices strict sanitation inside and outside the tunnels resulting in reduced build-up of insect pests in the long run. He also integrates other pest management tactics, like the use of sorghum-sunflower mixed trap cropping for deterring leaffooted bugs away from his tomatoes (https://sites.aces.edu/group/commhort/vegetable/SitePages/trapcropmodule.aspx) and bio-pesticides for controlling smaller pests inside the tunnels and open field crops.
Producer Steve Carpenter, who farms in a relatively low insect pest-pressure region of the Tennessee Valley, has installed a 30 percent insect netting to block moths from his cherry tomatoes. He also grew some beans in the tunnel. He uses a similar method of installation as Will Mastin with two sidewalls fitted with shade cloth. With a large pore size of a 30 percent woven shade cloth, there was no need to replace endwalls with netting where he has sliding doors. He is considering putting a curtain of shade cloth over the door that will block insects even when the door is kept partially open to cool down the structure. Carpenter also uses trap crops of sorghum and sunflower near his high tunnels along with use of biopesticides.
In this way, both producers use multiple IPM strategies for full benefit to their small farms. A third on-farm test site is under construction in Alabama to test 40 percent shade cloth in the open field.
Cost Effectiveness
Currently, on-farm studies with HTPE systems are underway at three locations in Alabama. Per our experiences, the cost of a 40 percent woven shade cloth (customcut to our specifications by Poly-Tex Inc., MN) around three sides of a standard high tunnel (2 sidewalls, 1 endwall) was under $420. The cost of a 30 percent woven shade cloth for the sidewalls of a standard high tunnel was under $250. As stated earlier, costs can be significantly higher than our figures depending on the quality/density of material and size of the high tunnel. Producers are encouraged to fully research the cost of materials and discuss designs with vendors for appropriate pricing of the material. When in doubt, contact your Extension personnel for more information and guidance.
Additional Resources for Producers
The Alabama Extension Vegetable IPM Project website provides access to many popular articles and videos about insect pest exclusion systems. To stay informed about IPM research, readers are encouraged to sign up for the Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter. Producers can download a free copy of the High Tunnel Crop Production Handbook for New and Beginning Farmers as an iBook for mobile devices.
Published by the Southern Region of the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. Funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Southern SARE operates under cooperative agreements with the University of Georgia, Fort Valley State University, and the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture to offer competitive grants to advance sustainable agriculture in America’s Southern region. This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, through Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, under sub-award numbers: UGA-RD309-134/S001163, UGA-RD309-129/S000826, and SSARE grant project: FS13-275. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Want more information? See the related SARE grant:
- Insect Exclusion Using Woven Shade Cloth (FS13-275)